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• • 



























a citizen s handbook on disasters 



DEFENSE CIVIL PREPAREDNESS AGENCY 


H-l4-B 




This handbook is the property of: 

Name_*- 

Address__ 


Emergency telephone numbers:* 

Ambulance__ 

Civil Defense_ 

Doctors _ 


Fire_ 

Health Department 
Hospitals_ 


Police_ 

Red Cross_ 

Utility Companies 


Weather Bureau 
Other_ 


*In time of disaster, don’t use tlie telephone to get information or advice. 
Depend on radio or television. 






























¥ in time of emergency 




a citizen’s handbook on disasters 


The Office of Civil Defense gratefully acknowledges the assistance 


provided by representatives of the following agencies and organiza¬ 
tions in the preparation of material for this handbook: 


U.S. Department of Agriculture 

National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmos¬ 
pheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce 

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; 
Public Health Service 

Office of Emergency Preparedness, Executive Office of the 
President 

American Medical Association; Committee on Disaster 
Medical Care 



American National Red Cross 

National Association of State Civil Defense Directors 


i 



United States Civil Defense Council 


The Office of Civil Defense, however, is solely responsible for the 
validity and accuracy of the information in the handbook. 


DEFENSE CIVIL PREPAREDNESS AGENCY 




















































































































CONTENTS 


Page 


INTRODUCTION. 1 

PART I—DISASTERS. 3 

Chapter 1—General Guidance. 5 

Chapter 2—Fire Protection. 9 

Chapter 3—Floods and Hurricanes. 11 

Chapter 4—Tornadoes. 15 

Chapter 5—Winter Storms. 17 

Chapter 6—Earthquakes. 21 

Chapter 7—Forest and Wildland Fires. 23 

Chapter 8—After a Disaster. 27 


PART II—CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED ... 29 


• • • 

hi 













Governmental agencies—Federal, State, and local—plan and act 
to safeguard the public in time of emergency. But governmental action 
alone cannot take care of the entire need. Individuals and families 
can do a great deal to protect themselves. 

To help assure your own safety, and that of your family, you need 
to understand the dangers, make advance preparations, and take the 
proper protective actions when emergencies occur. 

I hope you will read this handbook carefully, and act upon its 
recommendations. 




John E. Davis 

U.S. Director of Civil Defense 


IV 




INTRODUCTION 


An emergency affecting a large number of people may occur any¬ 
time, anywhere. 

It could be a flood, tornado, fire, hurricane, blizzard, earthquake, 
or other threat. 

In any type of general disaster, lives can be saved if people are 
prepared for emergency, and know what actions to take when it occurs. 

With the aid of Federal and State governments, cities and counties 
in all parts of the country are developing their local civil defense 
systems—the plans, organizations, and equipment needed to safeguard 
lives and property in disasters. 

These local government systems have saved lives and relieved suf¬ 
fering in many major peacetime disasters. People have been warned 
of impending storms and similar dangers, told how to protect them¬ 
selves, sheltered from the elements, fed and clothed, treated for injury 
and illness, and given help in resuming their normal lives. 

As cities, counties, and towns develop their systems to deal with 
peacetime disasters, they are also becoming better prepared to cope 
with the effects of nuclear attack. 

This handbook contains basic general information on peacetime 
disasters. This guidance is intended to supplement specific instructions 
issued by some local governments. Since special conditions may exist 
in some communities, local instructions may be slightly different. 

In addition to following advice given in this handbook and the in¬ 
structions of their local governments, people can prepare themselves 
better to meet any disaster by taking training courses to develop their 
“emergency skills.” Especially recommended are these courses: 

“PERSONAL AND FAMILY SURVIVAL” (12-hour course) — 
A basic orientation course in civil defense, which also tells people 
how to improve their protection against the effects of a nuclear attack. 

“MEDICAL SELF-HELP” (16-hour course)—How to care for 
the sick and injured if a doctor or nurse is not available. 

“FIRST AID” (courses of various lengths)—How to help the sick 
and injured until professional medical assistance is obtained. 


1 


“CARE OF THE SICK AND INJURED” (12-liour course) — 
How to care for patients after they have received professional medical 
treatment. 

Information on these free courses, which are given in most com¬ 
munities, is available from local Civil Defense Offices, County Agri¬ 
cultural Extension Agents, local public health departments, or Ameri¬ 
can Red Cross chapters. Special advice for rural families on emergency 
actions related to crops and livestock is available also from County 
Agricultural Extension Agents. 

You can give yourself and your family a much better chance of 
surviving and recovering from disaster if you will take time now to: 

• Understand the dangers you would face in disasters likely 

to occur in your area. 

• Make your own preparations for an emergency. 

9 Learn what actions you should take when a disaster occurs. 


2 


DISASTERS 























Chapter 1 


GENERAL GUIDANCE 


There are certain things you can learn and do that will help you 
get ready for, and cope with, almost any type of disaster. 

In a time of emergency, taking proper action may save your life. 
Take time to think , and then take the considered action that the situa¬ 
tion calls for. Usually, this will be the action you have planned in 
advance, or the action you are instructed to take by responsible 
authorities. 

Here is other guidance that applies to most types of natural disasters. 

Warning 

To warn of peacetime disaster, many communities are using an 
Attention or Alert Signal , usually a 3- to 5-minute steady blast to get 
the attention of their people. In most places, the Attention or Alert 
Signal means that people should turn on their radio or television sets 
to hear important emergency information being broadcast. 



ATTACK WARNING 


The Attack Warning Signal, used nationwide, is a 3- to 5- 
minute wavering sound on sirens, or a series of short blasts 
on whistles or horns. 



AAAAAA 



This signal means: An enemy attack against the United 
States has been detected. Take protective action. 


5 














When a major storm or other peacetime disaster threatens, keep 
your radio or television set turned on to hear weather reports and 
forecasts, as well as other information and advice that may be broad¬ 
cast by your local government. 



Use your telephone only to report 
important events (such as fires, flash 
floods, or tornado sightings) to the 
local authorities. If you tie up the 
telephone lines simply to get infor¬ 
mation, you may prevent emergency 
calls from being completed. 


Don’t Use the Telephone 

—except to report an emergency 


Emergency Supplies 



A major disaster of almost any kind may interfere with your normal 
supplies of water, food, heat, and other day-to-day necessities. You 
should keep on hand, in or around your home, a stock of emergency 
supplies sufficient to meet your needs for a few days or preferably for 
a week. 

If you stayed at home during the disaster, these supplies would help 
you live through the period of emergency without hardship. If you 
had to evacuate your home and move temporarily to another location, 


6 
























your emergency supplies could be taken with you and used en route 
or after you arrived at the new location (where regular supplies might 
not be available). Even if you only had to move to an emergency shel¬ 
ter station set up by a local agency, these supplies might be helpful to 
you, or make your stay easier. 

The most important items to keep on hand are water (preferably in 
plastic jugs or other stoppered containers) ; canned or sealed-package 
foods that do not require refrigeration or heat for cooking; medicines 
needed by family members, and a first aid kit; blankets or sleeping 
bags; flashlights or lanterns; a battery-powered radio; and perhaps 
a covered container to use as an emergency toilet. In addition, an auto¬ 
mobile in good operating condition with an ample supply of gasoline 
may be necessary in case you have to leave your home. 

In those parts of the country subject to hurricanes or floods, it is also 
wise to keep on hand certain emergency materials you may need to 
protect your home from wind and water—such as plywood sheeting 
or lumber to board up your windows and doors, and plastic sheeting 
or tarpaulins to protect furniture and appliances. 



7 































Chapter 2 


FIRE PROTECTION 


Fire, always a danger, could be even more of a danger during a 
disaster, when the fire department might not be available to help you. 
Also, the risk of fire would be greater at that time. 



Normal fire-prevention rules are of special importance in an emer¬ 
gency. To keep fires from starting: 

Don’t let trash and “junk” accumulate. Clean out attics, basements, 
closets and garages frequently. 

Check electrical wiring and appliances. Replace worn or frayed 
cords. Don’t put too many appliances on one circuit. Don’t string 
extension wires all over the house, and never under rugs. Use irons and 
other heating appliances with caution. 

Store explosive or flammable fluids carefully, outside the home 
if possible. Never use gasoline, benzine, naphtha and similar fluids 
indoors—if their vapors mix with air in a closed space, they will 
ignite readily from any kind of a spark. Rags soaked with oil or 
turpentine sometimes catch fire by themselves (this is called 


9 

















spontaneous combustion), and therefore should never be left lying 
around. 

Check heating plants. Many home fires are started by faulty 
furnaces and stoves, cracked or rusted furnace pipes, and sooty 
chimneys. 

Don’t place papers or magazines on radiators, or near stoves or 
fireplaces. Don’t allow lamp shades to touch electric bulbs. 

If a fire does occur, your home might be saved if you know how to 
fight fires, act promptly, and have on hand some basic firefighting 
tools. These should include a garden hose (preferably already con¬ 
nected), a ladder, buckets filled with sand, containers filled with water, 
and a fire extinguisher. Keep in mind that vaporizing-liquid types of 
fire extinguishers can produce dangerous fumes when used in small 
enclosed spaces. 

Remember the 3 basic ways to put out a fire: 

# Take away its fuel. 

# Take away its air (smother it). 

# Cool it with water or fire-extinguisher chemicals. 

Whichever method you use, it will be most effective if you act im¬ 
mediately, before the fire grows larger, by: 

—Getting the burning material out of the house (carry it out, or 
throw it out of a door or window if you can) ; or 

—Putting out the fire with water, sand, earth or fire-extinguisher 
chemicals; or 

—Smothering the fire with a rug or blanket, preferably wet. 

Special types of fires require special methods: 

—If it is an electrical fire , be sure to shut off the electricity first. 
Then put out the flames with water or anything else available. 
If you can’t shut off the electricity, don’t use water on an electrical 
fire. 

—If it is an oil or grease fire , shut off the supply of whatever is 
burning. Then smother the flames with sand, earth, rugs or other 
heavy materials. Don’t use water. 

—If it is a gas fire , shut off the gas supply. Then use water, sand 
or earth to put out whatever is burning. 

The fire departments of some communities in the United States 
conduct free training courses for citizens interested in learning how 
to fight fires at home or in becoming auxiliary firemen. If such 
courses are available in your community, you can acquire firefighting 
skills which may save your life or your home either in peacetime or in 
a period of nuclear attack. 


10 


Chapter 3 


FLOODS AND HURRICANES 


There are certain emergency actions particularly associated with 
major floods, hurricanes, and storm tides or surges. These types of 
disasters usually are preceded by extended periods of warning. People 

living m areas likely to be most severely affected often are warned 
to move to safer locations. 


Evacuation 

If you are warned to evacuate 
your home and move to another lo¬ 
cation temporarily, there are cer¬ 
tain things to remember and do. 
Here are the most important ones: 

FOLLOW THE INSTRUC¬ 
TIONS AND ADVICE OF 
YOUR LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 
If you are told to evacuate, do so 
promptly. If you are instructed to 
move to a certain location, go 
there—don’t go anywhere else. If 
certain travel routes are specified 
or recommended, use those routes 
rather than trying to find short cuts 
of your own. (It will help if you 
have previously become familiar 
with the routes likely to be used.) 
If you are told to shut off your 
water, gas or electric service before 
leaving home, do so. Also find out 
on the radio where emergency 
housing and mass feeding stations 
are located, in case you need to use 
them. 

SECURE YOUR HOME BE- 
FORE LEAVING. If you have 
time, and if you have not received 
other instructions from your local 
government, you should take the 
following actions before leaving 
your home: 



11 

















—Bring outside possessions in¬ 
side the house, or tie them down 
securely. This includes outdoor 
furniture, garbage cans, gar¬ 
den tools, signs, and other mov¬ 
able objects that might be 
blown or washed away. 

—Board up your windows so they 
won’t be broken by high winds, 
water, flying objects or debris. 

—If flooding is likely, move fur¬ 
niture and other movable ob¬ 
jects to the upper floor of your 
house. Disconnect any electrical 
appliances or equipment that 
cannot be moved—but don’t 
touch them if you are wet or are 
standing in water. 


—Do not stack sandbags around the outside walls of your house to 
keep flood waters out of your basement. Water seeping downward 
through the earth (either beyond the sandbags or over them) may 
collect around the basement walls and under the floor, creating 
pressure that could damage the walls or else raise the entire base¬ 
ment and cause it to “float” out of the ground. In most cases it is 
better to permit the flood waters to flow freely into the basement 
(or flood the basement yourself with clean water, if you feel sure 
it will be flooded anyway). This will equalize the water pressure 
on the inside and outside of the basement walls and floor, and thus 
avoid structural damage to the foundation and the house. 

—Lock house doors and windows. Park your car in the garage or 
driveway, close the windows, and lock it (unless you are driving 
to your new temporary location). 


TRAVEL WITH CARE. If 
your local government is arranging 
transportation for you, precautions 
will be taken for your safety. But if 
you are walking or driving your 
own car to another location, keep in 
mind these things: 



12 









Leave early enough so as not to be marooned by flooded roads, 
fallen trees, and wires. 

Make sure you have enough gasoline in your car. 

—Follow recommended routes. 

As you travel, keep listening to the radio for additional informa¬ 
tion and instructions from your local government. 

Watch for washed-out or undermined roadways, earth slides, 
broken sewer or water mains, loose or downed electric wires, and 
falling or fallen objects. 

—Watch out for areas where rivers or streams may flood suddenly. 



—Don’t try to cross a stream or a pool of water unless you are 
certain that the water will not be above your knees (or above the 
middle of your car’s wheels) all the way across. Sometimes the 
water will hide a bridge or a part of the road that has been 
washed out. If you decide it is safe to drive across it, put your 
car in low gear and drive very slowly, to avoid splashing water 
into your engine and causing it to stop. Also, remember that your 
brakes may not work well after the wheels of your car have been 
in deep water. Try them out a few times when you reach the other 
side. 


13 








During a Hurricane 

—If your house is on high ground and you haven’t been instructed 
to evacuate, stay indoors. Don’t try to travel, since you will be in 
danger from flying debris, flooded roads, and downed wires. 

—Keep listening to your radio or television set for further informa¬ 
tion and advice. If the center or “eye” of the hurricane passes 
directly over you, there will be a temporary lull in the wind, 
lasting from a few minutes to perhaps a half-hour or more. Stay 
in a safe place during this lull. The wind will return—perhaps 
with even greater force—from the opposite direction. 

Special Advice on Flash Floods 

In many areas, unusually heavy rains may cause quick or “flash” 
floods. Small creeks, gullies, dry streambeds, ravines, culverts or even 
low-lying grounds frequently flood very quickly and endanger people, 
sometimes before any warning can be given. 

In a period of heavy rains, be aware of this hazard and be prepared 
to protect yourself against it. If you see any possibility of a flash 
flood occurring where you are, move immediately to a safer location 
(don’t wait for instructions to move), and then notify your local 
authorities of the danger, so other people can be warned. 


14 


Chapter 4 


TORNADOES 



When a toimado watch ( fore¬ 
cast ) is announced , this means that 
tornadoes are expected in or near 
your area. Keep your radio or tele¬ 
vision set tuned to a local station for 
information and advice from your 
local government or the Weather 
Bureau. Also, keep watching the 
sky, especially to the south and 
southwest. (When a tornado watch 
is announced during the approach 
of a hurricane, however, keep 
watching the sky to the east.) If you 
see any revolving, funnel-shaped 
clouds, report them by telephone im¬ 
mediately to your local police de¬ 
partment, sheriff’s office or Weather 
Bureau office. But do not use the 
phone to get information and ad¬ 
vice—depend on radio or TV. 


f ' When a tornado warning is issued , take shelter immediately . The 
warning means that a tornado has actually been sighted, and this (or 
other tornadoes) may strike in your vicinity. You must take action to 
protect yourself from being blown away, struck by falling objects, or 
injured by flying debris. Your best protection is an underground 
shelter or cave, or a substantial steel-framed or reinforced-concrete 
building. But if none of these is available, there are other places where 
you can take refuge: 


15 






























—If you are at home, go to your underground storm cellar or your 
basement. Take cover* under a sturdy workbench or table (but not 
underneath heavy appliances on the floor above). If your home 
has no basement, take cover under heavy furniture on the ground 
floor in the center part of the house, or in a small room on the 
ground floor that is away from outside walls and windows. (As 
a last resoil, go outside to a nearby ditch, excavation, culvert or 
ravine.) Doors and windows on the sides of your house away 
from the tornado may be left open to help reduce damage to the 
building, but stay away from them to avoid flying debris. Do not 
remain in a trailer or mobile home if a tornado is approaching; 
take cover elsewhere. 



—If you are at work in an office 
building, go to the basement or 
to an inner hallway on a lower 
floor. In a factory, go to a shel¬ 
ter area, or to the basement if 
there is one. 

—If you are outside in open coun¬ 
try, drive away from the tor¬ 
nado’s path, at a right angle to 
it. If there isn’t time to do 
this—or if you are walking— 
take cover and lie flat in the 
nearest depression, such as a 
ditch, culvert, excavation, or 
ravine. 





















Chapter 5 


WINTER STORMS 


Here is advice that will help you protect yourself and your family 
against the hazards of winter storms—blizzards, heavy snows, ice 
storms, freezing rain, or sleet. 

KEEP POSTED ON WEATHER CONDITIONS. Use your 
radio, television and newspapers to keep informed of current weather 
conditions and forecasts in your area. Even a few hours’ warning 
of a storm may enable you to avoid being caught outside in it, or at 
least be better prepared to cope with it. You should also understand 
the terms commonly used in weather forecasts: 

—A blizzard is the most danger¬ 
ous of all winter storms. It 
combines cold air, heavy snow, 
and strong winds that blow the 
snow about and may reduce 
visibility to only a few yards. 

A blizzard warning is issued 
when the Weather Bureau ex¬ 
pects considerable snow, winds 
of 35 miles an hour or more, 
and temperatures of 20 degrees 
Fahrenheit or lower. A severe 
blizzard warning means that a 
very heavy snowfall is ex¬ 
pected, with winds of at least 
45 miles an hour and tempera¬ 
tures of 10 degrees or lower. 

—A heavy snow warning usually means an expected snowfall of 
4 inches or more in a 12-hour period, or 6 inches 01 moie in a 
24-hour period. Warnings of snow flurries, snow squalls , or blow¬ 
ing and drifting snow are important mainly because visibility 
may be reduced and roads may become slippery or blocked. 

_ Freezing rain or freezing drizzle is forecast when expected lain 

is likely to freeze as soon as it strikes the ground, putting a coat¬ 
ing of ice or glaze on roads and everything else that is exposed. 
If a substantial layer of ice is expected to accumulate from the 

freezing rain, an ice storm is forecast. 

—Sleet is small particles of ice, usually mixed with rain. If enough 
sleet accumulates on the ground, it will make the roads slippeiy. 



17 
















BE PREPARED FOR ISOLATION AT HOME. If you live 
in a rural area, make sure you could survive at home for a week or 
two in case a storm isolated you and made it impossible for you to 
leave. You should: 


—Keep an adequate supply of heating fuel on hand and use it spar¬ 
ingly, as your regular supplies may be curtailed by storm con¬ 
ditions. If necessary, conserve fuel by keeping the house cooler 
than usual, or by “closing off” some rooms temporarily. Also, 
have available some kind of emergency heating equipment and 
fuel so you could keep at least one room of your house warm 
enough to be livable. This could be a camp stove with fuel, or a 
supply of wood or coal if you have a fireplace. If your furnace 
is controlled by a thermostat and your electricity is cut off by a 
storm, the furnace probably would not operate and you would 
need emergency heat. 



—Stock an emergency supply of 
food and water, as well as 
emergency cooking equipment 
such as a camp stove. Some of 
this food should be of the type 
that does not require refriger¬ 
ation or cooking. 

—Make sure you have a battery- 
powered radio and extra bat¬ 
teries on hand, so that if your 
electric power is cut off you 
could still hear weather fore¬ 
casts, information and advice 
broadcast by local authorities. 
Also, flashlights or lanterns 
would be needed. 


—Consult page 6 of this handbook for other supplies and equip¬ 
ment that you may need if isolated at home. Be sure to keep on 
hand the simple tools and equipment needed to fight a fire. Also, 
be certain that all family members know how to take precautions 
that would prevent fire at such a time, when the help of the fire 
department may not be available. 

TRAVEL ONLY IF NECESSARY. Avoid all unnecessary trips. 
If you must travel, use public transportation if possible. However, if 
you are forced to use your automobile for a trip of any distance, take 
these precautions: 

—Make sure your car is in good operating condition, properly serv¬ 
iced, and equipped with chains or snow tires. 

—Take another person with you if possible. 


18 











—Make sure someone knows 
where you are going, your ap¬ 
proximate schedule, and your 
estimated time of arrival at 
your destination. 



-Have emergency “winter storm 
supplies” in the car, such as a 
container of sand, shovel, wind¬ 
shield scraper, tow chain or 
rope, extra gasoline, and a flash¬ 
light. It also is good to have 
with you heavy gloves or mit¬ 
tens, overshoes, extra woolen 
socks, and winter headgear to 
cover your head and face. 

-Travel by daylight and use major highways if you can. Keep the 
car radio turned on for weather information and advice. 

-Drive with all possible caution. Don’t try to save time by travel¬ 
ling faster than road and weather conditions permit. 

-Don’t be daring or foolhardy. Stop, turn back, or seek help if 
conditions threaten that may test your ability or endurance, rather 
than risk being stalled, lost or isolated. If you are caught in a 
blizzard , seek refuge immediately. 



19 


















| KEEP CALM IF YOU GET IN TROUBLE. If your car breaks 
down during a storm, or if you become stalled or lost, don’t panic. 
Think the problem through, decide what’s the safest and best thing 
to do, and then do it slowly and carefully. If you are on a well-traveled 
road, show a trouble signal. Set your directional lights to flashing, 
raise the hood of your car, or hang a cloth from the radio aerial or car 
window. Then stay in your car and wait for help to arrive. If you run 
the engine to keep warm, remember to open a window enough to provide 
ventilation and protect you from carbon monoxide poisoning. 

Wherever you are, if there is no house or other source of help in sight, 
do not leave your car to search for assistance, as you may become con¬ 
fused and get lost. 



AVOID OVEREXERTION. 
Every winter many unnecessary 
deaths occur because people—es¬ 
pecially older persons, but younger 
ones as well—engage in more stren¬ 
uous physical activity than their 
bodies can stand. Cold weather it¬ 
self, without any physical exertion, 
puts an extra strain on your heart. 
If you add to this physical exercise, 
especially exercise that you are not 
accustomed to—such as shovelling 
snow, pushing an automobile, or 
even walking fast or far—you are 
risking a heart attack, a stroke, or 
other damage to your body. In 
winter weather, and especially in 
winter storms, be aware of this 
danger, and avoid overexertion. 


20 












Chapter 6 


EARTHQUAKES 


If your area is one of the places in the United States where earth¬ 
quakes occur, keep these points in mind: 


—When an earthquake happens, keep calm. Don’t run or panic. 
If you take the proper precautions, the chances are you will not 
be hurt. 

—REMAIN WHERE YOU ARE. If you are outdoors, stay out¬ 
doors; if indoors, stay indoors. In earthquakes, most injuries 
occur as people are entering or leaving buildings (from falling 
walls, electric wires, etc.). 



-If you are indoors, sit or stand 
against an inside wall (pref¬ 
erably in the basement), or in 
an inside doorway; or else take 
cover under a desk, table or 
bench (in case the wall or ceil¬ 
ing should fall). Stay away 
from windows and outside 
doors. 


21 




























—If you are outdoors, stay away 
from overhead electric wires, 
poles or anything else that 
might shake loose and fall 
(such as the cornices of tall 
buildings). 

—If you are driving an automo¬ 
bile , pull off the road and stop 
(as soon as possible, and with 
caution). Remain in the car 
until the disturbance subsides. 
When you drive on, watch for 
hazards created by the earth¬ 
quake, such as fallen or falling 
objects, downed electric wires, 
and broken or undermined 
roadways. 

After an Earthquake 

For your own safety and that of 
others, you should follow carefully 
the advice given in Chapter 8, 
“After a Disaster” (page 27). 















































Chapter 7 


FOREST AND WILDLAND 

FIRES 

Forest fires—including fires on woodlands, croplands, pasturelands, 
and other rural property—take an estimated 1,000 lives each year in 
the United States, and cause more than $200 million damage to about 
10,000 square miles of land. 

Some of these fires are caused by lightning, and scientists are work¬ 
ing on ways to prevent this. 

The rest are caused by man, either by design (deliberately setting 
fires) or by accident or carelessness (debris burning, smoking, camp¬ 
fires, and use of equipment and machinery as in logging operations). 



Preventing Forest Fires 

Everyone can help prevent forest fires, by following these rules: 

—Never burn trash outside in dry weather on windy days. 

—Always have plenty of help, tools, and water nearby. 

—Don’t burn debris near wooded areas, buildings, or dry fields or 
grass. 

—If a permit is required to burn trash or debris, get one. Then burn 
only in a metal container or on bare ground. 

—When smoking in your car, use the ashtray—don t throw butts or 
burnt matches out the window. When walking in the woods, grind 
out butts and matches with your heel. 

—At home, keep matches out of the reach of children. They acci¬ 
dentally set many forest and wildland fires. 

—Be careful about campfires or warming fires in the woods. Before 
starting a fire, clear a space—down to bare earth—10 feet in di¬ 
ameter. Dig a hole in the center and build your file theie, and 
keep it small. Never build it against trees or logs, or near brush. 


23 







—Before you leave your fire, stir 
it while you pour water on it. 

Soak the wood all over, and the 
earth around the fire. Make sure 
the embers and sparks are dead 
out , by feeling them with your 
hand. 

—If you use equipment or ma¬ 
chinery in the woods (such as 
tractors, trucks, or power 
saws), make sure you have 
spark arrestors on engines, and 
be careful when refueling. 

—Report promptly any fires or 
dangerous conditions you see, 
and any evidence of suspected 
incendiarism (deliberate fire¬ 
setting) . 

Be Ready to Cope With Forest Fires 

If your home or community is likely to be threatened by a forest 
fire, there are advance actions you can take to protect yourself, your 
family, and your fellow-citizens: 

Take a free course in fighting forest fires. For information on this, 
contact your local civil defense agency, County Agricultural Extension 
Agent, or the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash¬ 
ington, D.C. 20250. 

Make sure your own property is clear of material that may burn, 
especially brush and debris close to your home or other structures. 

Keep on hand, ready for quick use, hoses and other firefighting 
equipment you may need in case of a home fire or a nearby forest fire. 

Plan (write down on paper) where you would construct your 
“fire breaks” and what other individual actions you would take if a 
forest fire should threaten your property. 

Follow the rules given on page 9 of this booklet regarding fire 
prevention at home, and on page 23 of this booklet concerning pre¬ 
vention of forest fires. 

If a Forest Fire Threatens Your Home or Community 

1. If your home or property is threatened, summon aid before you 
start to fight the fire; then take the individual actions you had planned 
in advance. When help arrives, let professional or trained firefighters 
take charge (unless you are one). 



24 








2. If time permits and this is required, clear away all flammable 
vegetation within 30 feet of your home. Close all windows (cover them 
if possible). Remove from near windows and other openings any 
interior furnishings that may catch fire because of heat coming from 
outside. Secure livestock and pets. 



3. If a forest fire occurs in your community, keep posted on it by 
means of radio or television. Follow the advice or instructions of your 
local government. If you are instructed to evacuate your home, do 
so at once, and follow prescribed routes. Don't try to take “shortcuts.” 

4. After your family and property are taken care of, see if you 
can help others. If you are trained in firefighting (or if untrained men 
are asked for), volunteer your services and report to the designated 
locations. 

5. If you are helping to fight the fire, do so under the supervision 
of a trained firefighter. Follow his instructions, so as not to get hurt 
and also to make your efforts most effective. Keep informed—know 
where the fire is in relation to you, know your escape routes, and 
maintain communication with your supervisor. Keep safe, by remem¬ 
bering that forest fires are dangerous and not always predictable. 


IMPORTANT: Firefighting is strenuous work. Do not engage in it 
unless you are in very good physical condition. 


25 



























































































































Chapter 8 


AFTER A DISASTER 


After a Natural Disaster 

Use extreme caution in entering 
or working in buildings that may 
have been damaged or weakened by 
the disaster, as they may collapse 
without warning. Also, there may 
be gas leaks or electrical short cir¬ 
cuits. 

Don't bring lanterns , torches or 
lighted cigarettes into buildings 
that have been flooded or otherwise 
damaged, since there may be leak¬ 
ing gas lines or flammable material 
present. 

Stay away from fallen or damaged electric wires , which may still be 

dangerous. 

Check for leaking gas pipes in your home. Do this by smell only — 
don’t use matches or candles. If you smell g#s, do this: (1) Open all 
windows and doors, (2) Turn off the main gas valve at the meter, 

(3) Leave the house immediately, (4) Notify the gas company or the 
police or fire department, (5) Don’t re-enter the house until you are 
told it is safe to do so. 

If any of your electrical appliances are wet , first turn off the main 
power switch in your house, then unplug the wet appliance, dry it out, 
reconnect it, and finally, turn on the main power switch. (Caution: 
Don’t do any of these things while you are wet or standing in water.) 
If fuses blow when the electric power is restored, turn off the main 
power switch again and then inspect for short circuits in your home 
wiring, appliances and equipment. 

Check your food and water supplies before using them. Foods that 
require refrigeration may be spoiled if electric power has been off for 
some time. Also, don’t eat food that has come in contact with flood 
waters. Be sure to follow T the instructions of local authorities con¬ 
cerning the use of food and water supplies. 



27 















If needed , get food , clothing , medical care or shelter at Red Cross 
stations or from local government authorities. 

Stay away from disaster areas. Sightseeing could interfere with 
first aid or rescue work, and may be dangerous as well. 

Don’t drive unless necessary , and drive with caution. Watch for 
hazards to yourself and others, and report them to local authorities. 

Write , telegraph or telephone your relatives , after the emergency 
is over, so they will know T you are safe. Otherwise local authorities 
may waste time locating you—or if you have evacuated to a safer lo¬ 
cation, they may not be able to find you. (However, do not tie up the 
phone lines if they are still needed for official emergency calls.) 

Do not pass on rumors or exaggerated reports of damage. 

Follow the advice and instructions of your local government on 
ways to help yourself and your community recover from the emer¬ 
gency. 


28 


PART TWO 


CARE OF THE SICK 
AND INJURED 



29 































SUMMARY 


Before an emergency 

1. Take the Medical Self-Help course, or a First Aid course. 

2. If this is not possible, obtain a good first aid manual, study it, and 
keep it at home; or study the emergency medical instructions given 
in this chapter, and keep this handbook at home. 

3. Obtain a good first aid kit, and keep your home medicine chest 
well stocked with supplies you may need in a time of emergency. 

During an emergency 

1. Try to get a doctor or nurse (or at least a person trained in first 
aid) to treat anyone who is injured or sick. 

2. If no one better qualified is available, take charge yourself. 


Information in the following pages is no substitute for training. 
However, this basic guidance may save lives during an emergency, 
by helping untrained persons take care of the sick and injured when 
professional medical assistance may not be immediately available. 


31 



General Rules For Any Medical Emergency 

1. First of all, do no harm. Often, well-meaning but untrained 
persons worsen the injury or illness in their attempts to help. Get com¬ 
petent medical assistance, if possible. Do not assume responsibility for 
a patient if you can get the help of a doctor, nurse, or experienced 
first-aid worker. But if no one better qualified is available, take charge 
yourself. 

2. Look for stoppage of breathing , and for serious bleeding • These 
are the two most life-threatening conditions you can do something 
about. They demand immediate treatment (see pages 58 and 61). 

3. Prevent shock , or treat it. Shock, a serious condition of acute 
circulatory failure, usually accompanies a severe or painful injury, a 
serious loss of blood, or a severe emotional upset. If you expect shock, 
and take prompt action, you can prevent it or lessen its severity. This 
may save the patient’s life. (Treatment of shock is discussed on 
page 37.) 

4. Don’t move the patient im¬ 
mediately. Unless there is real dan¬ 
ger of the patient receiving further 
injury where he is, he should not be 
moved until breathing is restored, 
bleeding is stopped, and suspected 
broken bones are splinted. 

5. Keep calm , amd reassure the 
patient. Keep him lying down and 
comfortably warm, but do not apply 
heat to his body, or make him sweat. 

6. Never attempt to give liquids 
to an unconscious person. If he is 

not able to swallow, he may choke 
to death or drown. Also, don’t give 



CHECK FOR: 

BREATHING, 

BLEEDING 
AND FOR 

SHOCK 




If the Patient Has Stopped Breathing 

Quick action is required. You must get air into his lungs again 
immediately or he may die. The best and simplest way of doing this 
is to use mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Here is how to do it: 



1. Place the patient on his back. Loosen his collar. 

2. Open his mouth and use your fingers to remove any food or 
foreign matter. If he has false teeth or removable dental bridges, 
take them out. 

3. Tilt the patient’s head back so 
that his chin points upward. Lift his 
lower j aw from beneath and behind 
so that it juts out. This will move 
his tongue away from the back of 
his throat, so it does not block the 
air passage to his lungs. Placing a 
pillow or something else under his 
shoulders will help get his head into 
the right position. Some patients 
will start breathing as soon as you 
take these steps, and no further help 
is necessary. 



33 





4. Open your mouth as wide as 
possible, and place it tightly over 
the patient’s mouth, so his mouth is 
completely covered by yours. With 
one hand, pinch his nostrils shut. 
With your other hand, hold his 
lower jaw in a thrust-forward posi¬ 
tion and keep his head tilted back. 
With a baby or small child, place 
your mouth over both his nose and 
mouth, making a tight seal. 

5. Blow a good lungful of air into 
an adult patient’s mouth, continu¬ 
ing to keep his head tilted back and 
his jaw jutting out so that the air 
passage is kept open. (Air can be 
blown through an unconscious per¬ 
son’s teeth, even though they may 
be clenched tightly together.) 
Watch his chest as you blow. When 
you see his chest rise, you will know 
that you are getting air into his 
lungs. 

6. Remove your mouth from the 
patient’s mouth, and listen for him 
to breathe out the air you breathed 
into him. You also may feel his 
breath on your cheek and see his 
chest sink as he exhales. 

7. Continue your breathing for 
the patient. If he is an adult, blow 
a good breath into his mouth every 
5 seconds, or 12 times a minute, and 
listen for him to breathe it back out 
again. Caution: If the patient is an 
infant or small child, blow small 
puffs of air into him about 20 times 
a minute. You may rupture his lung 
if you blow in too much air at one 
time. Watch his chest rise to make 
sure you are giving him the right 
amount of air with each puff. 


34 






8. If you are not getting air into the patient’s lungs, or if he is not 
breathing out the air you blew into him, first make sure that his head 
is tilted back and his jaw is jutting out in the proper position. Then 
use your fingers to make sure nothing in his mouth or throat is ob¬ 
structing the air passage to his lungs. If this does not help, turn him 



on his side and strike him sharply with the palm of your hand several 
times between his shoulder blades. This should dislodge any obstruc¬ 
tion in the air passage. Then place him again on his back, with his 
head tilted back and his jaw jutting out, and resume blowing air into 
his mouth. If this doesn’t work, try closing his mouth and blowing air 
through his nose into his lungs. 



9. If you wish to avoid placing 
your mouth directly on the patient’s 
face, you may hold a cloth (hand¬ 
kerchief, gauze or other porous ma¬ 
terial) over his mouth and breathe 
through the cloth. But don’t waste 
precious time looking for a cloth if 
you don’t have one. 

10. Important' Even if the pa¬ 
tient does not respond, continue 
your efforts for 1 hour or longer, 
or until you are completely sure he 
is dead. If possible, have this con¬ 
firmed by at least one other person. 


35 



To Stop Serious Bleeding 

1. Apply firm, even pressure to 
the wound with a dressing, clean 
cloth, or sanitary napkin. If you 
don’t have any of these, use your 
bare hand until you can get some¬ 
thing better. Remember, you must 
keep blood from running out of the 
patient’s body. Loss of 1 or 2 quarts 
will seriously endanger his life. 

2. Hold the dressing in place with your hand until you can bandage 
the dressing in place. In case of an arm or leg wound, make sure the 
bandage is not so tight as to cut off circulation; and raise the arm or 
leg above the level of the patient’s heart. (But if the arm or leg ap¬ 
pears broken, be sure to splint it first.) 




4. If blood soaks through the dressing, do not remove the dressing. 
Apply more dressings. 

5. SPECIAL ADVICE ON 
TOURNIQUETS: Never use a 
tourniquet unless you cannot stop 
excessive, life-threatening bleeding 
by any other method. Using a tour¬ 
niquet increases the chances that 
the arm or leg will have to be am- 
puted later. If you are forced to use 
a tourniquet to keep the patient 
from bleeding to death (for exam¬ 
ple, when a hand or foot has been 
*ccidentally cut off), follow these 
instructions carefully: 

—Place the tourniquet as close to 
the ivound as possible , between 
the wound and the patient’s 

heart. NECESSARY 



36 



















-After the tourniquet has been 
applied, do not permit it to be 
loosened (even temporarily, or 
even though the bleeding has 
stopped) by anyone except a 
physician, who can control the 
bleeding by other methods and 
replace the blood that the pa¬ 
tient has lost. 

Get a physician to treat the pa¬ 
tient as soon as possible. 

Preventing and Treating Shock 

Being “in shock” means that a person’s circulatory system is not 
working properly, and not enough blood is getting to the vital centers 
of his brain and spinal cord. 

These are the symptoms of shock: The patient’s pulse is weak or 
rapid, or he may have no pulse that you can find. His skin may be pale 
or blue, cold, or moist. His breathing may be shallow or irregular. 
He may have chills. He may be thirsty. He may get sick at his stomach 
and vomit. 

A person can be “in shock” whether he is conscious or unconscious. 

Important: All seriously-injured persons should be treated for 
shock , even though they appear normal and alert. Shock may cause 
death if not treated promptly, even though the injuries which brought 
on shock might not be serious enough to cause death. In fact, persons 
may go into shock without having any physical injuries. 

Here is how to treat any person who may be in shock: 

1. Keep him lying down and keep him from chilling, but do not 
apply a hot water bottle or other heat to his body. Also, loosen his 
clothing. 

2. Keep his head a little lower than his legs and hips. But if he has 
a head or chest injury, or has difficulty in breathing, keep his head 
and shoulders slightly higher than the rest of his body. 




37 
















3. Encourage him to drink fluids if he is conscious and not nauseated, 
and if he does not have abdominal injuries. Every 15 minutes give 
him a half-glass of this solution until he no longer wants it: One 
teaspoonful of salt and a half-teaspoonful of baking soda to one quart 
of water. 

4. Do not give him alcohol. 

Broken Bones 

Any break in a bone is called a fracture. If you think a person may 
have a fracture, treat it as though it were one. Otherwise, you may 
cause further injury. For example, if an arm or leg is injured and 
bleeding, splint it as well as bandage it. 

With any fracture, first look for bleeding and control it. Keep the 
patient comfortably warm and quiet, preferably lying down. If you 
have an ice bag, apply it to the fracture to ease the pain. Do not move 
the patient (unless his life is in danger where he is) without first 
applying a splint or otherwise immobilizing the bone that may be 
fractured. Treat the patient for shock. 

A FRACTURED ARM OR 
LEG should be straightened out 
as much as possible, preferably by 
having 2 persons gently stretch it 
into a normal position. Then it 
should be “splinted”—that is, fas¬ 
tened to a board or something else 
to prevent motion and keep the ends 
of the broken bone together. As a 
splint, use a board, a trimmed 
branch from a tree, a broomstick, 
an umbrella, a roll of newspapers, 
or anything else rigid enough to 
keep the arm or leg straight. Fasten 
the arm or leg to the splint with 
bandages, strips of cloth, handker¬ 
chiefs, neckties, or belts. After 
splinting, keep the injured arm or 
leg a little higher than the rest of 
the patient’s body. From time to 
time, make sure that the splint is 
not too tight, since the arm or leg 
may swell, and the blood circulation 
might be shut off. If the broken 
bone is sticking out through the 
skin but the exposed part of it is 



38 



clean, allow it to slip back naturally 
under the skin (but don’t push it 
in) when the limb is being straight¬ 
ened. HoAvever, if the exposed part 
of the bone is dirty, cover it with a 
clean cloth and bandage the wound 
to stop the bleeding. Then splint the 
arm or leg without trying to 
straighten it out, and try to find a 
doctor or nurse to treat the patient. 

A FRACTURED COLLAR¬ 
BONE should also be prevented 
from moving, until the patient can 
get professional medical attention. 

It can be immobilized by placing the 
arm on that side in a sling and then 
binding the arm close to the body. 

A FRACTURED RIB should be 
suspected if the patient has received 
a chest injury or if he has pain when 
he moves his chest, breathes, or 
coughs. Strap the injured side of 
his chest with 2-inch adhesive tape 
if available, or with a cloth bandage 
or towel wrapped around and 
around his entire chest. 

> 







Fractured bones in the NECK OR BACK are very serious, because 
they may injure the patient’s spinal cord and paralyze him or even kill 
him. He should not be moved until a doctor comes (or a person trained 
in first aid), unless it is absolutely necessary to move him to prevent 
further injury. If a person with a back injury has to moved, he should 
be placed gently on his back on a stiff board, door or stretcher. His 
head, back, and legs should be kept in a straight line at all times. 


39 

























A person with a neck injury should be moved gently with his head, 
neck, and shoulders kept in the same position they were when he was 
found. His neck should not be allowed to bend when he is being moved. 


Burns 


Non-serious or superficial (first degree) burns should not be 
covered—in fact, nothing need be done for them. However, if a first 
degree burn covers a large area of the body, the patient should be given 
fluids to drink as mentioned in item 2 following. 

The most important things to do about serious (second or third 
degree) burns are: ( a ) Treat the patient for shock, (b) Prevent infec¬ 
tion, and (c) Relieve pain. These specific actions should be taken: 


1. Keep the patient lying down, 
with his head a little lower than his 
legs and hips unless he has a head 
or chest wound, or has difficulty in 
breathing. 

2. Have him drink a half-glass 
every 15 minutes of a salt-and-soda 
solution (one teaspoonful of salt 
and a half-teaspoonful of baking 
soda to a quart of water). Give him 
additional plain water to drink if 
he wants it. 




3. Cover the burned area with a dry, sterile gauze dressing. If gauze 
is not available, use a clean cloth, toAvel 

4. With soap and water, wash the 
area around the burn (not the burn 
itself) for a distance of several 
inches, wiping away from the burn. 

The dressing will help prevent sur¬ 
face washings from getting into the 
burned area. 

5. Use a bandage to hold the dry 
dressing firmly in place against the 
burned area. This will keep moving 
air from reaching the burn, and 
will lessen the pain. Leave dress¬ 
ings and bandage in place as long 
as possible. 

6. If adjoining surfaces of skin 
are burned, separate them with 
gauze or cloth to keep them from 
sticking together (such as between toes or fingers, ears and head, 
arms and chest). 


40 






7. If the burn was caused by a 
chemical, wash it away with gener¬ 
ous amounts of plain water, then 
treat the burn as described above. 


What NOT to do about bums: 

—Don't pull clothing over the 
burned area (cut it away, if 
necessary). 

-—Don’t try to remove any pieces 
of cloth, or bits of dirt or de¬ 
bris, that may be sticking to the 
burn. 

—Don’t try to clean the burn; 
don’t use iodine or other anti¬ 
septics on it; and don’t open 
any blisters that may form on 
it. 

—Don’t use grease, butter, oint¬ 
ment, salve, petroleum jelly, or 
any type of medication on se¬ 
vere burns. Keeping them dry 
is best. 

—Don’t breathe on a burn, and don’t touch it with anything except 
a sterile or clean dressing. 

—Don’t change the dressings that were initially applied to the burn, 
until absolutely necessary. Dressings may be left in place for a 
week, if necessary. 




☆ GPO : 1972 0 - 461- 519 


41 










































































































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